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polardbxengine/mysql-test/suite/xengine_stress/t/runtime/WL5004_sql.yy

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# Copyright (c) 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
# Copyright (c) 2013, Monty Program Ab.
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
# 51 Franklin Street, Suite 500, Boston, MA 02110-1335 USA
# Grammar for testing DML, DDL, FLUSH, LOCK/UNLOCK, transactions
#
# Created:
# 2009-07 Matthias Leich
# WL#5004 Comprehensive Locking Stress Test for Azalea
# A few grammar rules were taken from other grammar files.
# Last Modifications:
# 2011-05 Jon Olav Hauglid
# Updated lock_type: to reflect that WL#3561 Transactional
# LOCK TABLE has been cancelled.
#
# Attention:
# 1. There are modified grammar rules because of open bugs.
# Please search case insensitive for "disable".
#
# TODO:
# - Adjust grammar to new open and old fixed bugs
# - Add TRUNCATE PARTITION and check if we are missing any other related DDL.
# (Bug#49907 ALTER TABLE ... TRUNCATE PARTITION does not wait for locks on the table)
# (2010-05 Analysing + should be fixed by patch for
# (Bug#42643 InnoDB does not support replication of TRUNCATE TABLE)
# (2010-05 Patch pending)
# - Add the corresponding DDL when
# WL#4445 Import/Export tables to/from partitioned tables
# is ready for testing
# - Check the impact of the latest modifications (use "used_select" less often) on the issues
# reported by Philip
# When using greater values for namespace_width
# - the database never actually gets the expected number of objects.
# Even if the DROPs are removed ,then still the database grows very slowly towards the namespace size.
# - There are a lot of CREATE TABLE table2 SELECT * FROM table1 and similar constructs in order to clone
# database objects. Unfortunately, at higher namespace values, table1 is not very likely to exist, and
# therefore table2 is also unlikely to be created.
# - Add subtest for
# Bug#48315 Metadata lock is not taken for merged views that use an INFORMATION_SCHEMA table
# Simple:
# Philip: using an I_S in a meaningless subselect would be best, just have
# ( SELECT user + 0 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.USERS LIMIT 1)
# Complete:
# mleich:
# But IS tables used in VIEWs, SELECT, DELETE/UPDATE subqueries/join,
# PROCEDURES etc. are complete missing.
# Could I inject this in a subquery?
# - Simplify grammar:
# Namespace concept is good for grammar development, avoiding failing statements,
# understanding statement logs but bad for grammar simplification speed.
#
# General architecture rules:
# ---------------------------
# 1. Do not modify the objects created by gendata.pl within this grammar file.
# Work on copies of these objects instead. Hereby we prevent that we totally run out of tables
# or rows etc. This minimizes also any locks on the objects created by gendata.pl.
# Do not
# - have tables of "special" types (partitioned, view, merge etc.)
# - variate the storage engine
# within your object creation grammar file (*.zz).
# 2. Have separated namespaces for objects (tables etc.) with configurable width.
# - This allows to reduce the likelihood of applying a statement in general or an option to
# an object which is not allowed. Example: TRUNCATE TABLE <view>
# - Debugging of grammar and understanding server logs becomes easier if the namespace
# for an object of some type contains type related strings like "base","temp",.. etc.
# Example: If there is a
# CREATE VIEW <name which does not belong into the VIEW namespace>
# than something works not like intended.
# - The configurable namespace width (-> $namespace_width) allows to influence the likelihood
# that some statement hits an object. This gives some control over how much the system is stressed.
# - The non default option to put all table related objects (base tables, views, etc.) allows
# some additional increase of the stress though the likelihood of failing statement raises.
# 3. Distinct between two kinds of object namespaces and treat the corresponding objects different.
# This is experimental and might be removed in case it does not fulfill the expectations.
# "Sequence" ("_S"):
# - statement sequence: CREATE object, fill in content (if applicable), COMMIT, wait some
# random timespan (-> SLEEP( ... * rand_val * $life_time_unit )) , DROP object
# - The COMMIT is intentional. It should ensure that the session running the sequence does
# not hold any locks on the object during the wait phase. I am aware that CREATE ... AS SELECT
# commits at end, but this might be changed somewhere in future.
# - the maximum of the random wait timespan is configurable (-> $max_table_life_time).
# - The object must be stored within a database created with the "_S" property.
# - No other DDL on this object
# This should ensure that other sessions have a chance to run several DML statements using this object
# before it gets dropped. The "Sequence" objects are of nearly no value when running with only one thread.
# "Normal" ("_N"):
# - CREATE and DROP for these objects are not within the same sequency.
# - Any session could run DDL (including DROP, ALTER, REPAIR etc.) on this object.
# - The object can be stored within any database.
# - It is assumed that they have a short lifetime.
# This should ensure that a session running a transaction with DML on this object has a chance to meet
# an attempt of another session to run DDL (especially ALTER) on this object.
# 4. There is some "generalization" (I am unsure if this is a good understandable term) of variables and
# a corresponding walk up of values.
# $database_name_* --> $database_name
# $base_table_name_* --> $base_table_name --> $table_name
# $temp_table_name_* --> $temp_table_name --> $table_name
# ...
# $part_table_name_* --> $part_table_name --> $table_name
# This means:
# If you run "table_item" which picks a table of random type (base table, temp table ...) and random lifetime
# and a corresponding database and automatically assigns values to variables ($database_*,$*_table_name_*)
# where the name cannot be predicted, you can find the generated names at least within
# $database_name and $table_name .
# Please be aware that for example a succeeding call of "procedure_item" modifies the content of $database_name.
#
#
# Hints and experiences (important when extending this grammar ):
# -------------------------------------------------------------------
# 1. Any statement sequence has to be in one line.
# 2. Be aware of the dual use of ';'. It separates SQL statements in sequences and closes the definition block
# of a grammar rules. So any ';' before some '|' has a significant impact.
# 3. Strange not intended effects might be caused by '|' or ':' instead of ';'
# 4. There is an open RQG problem with SHOW ... LIKE '<grammar rule>'.
# 5. In general: There should be spaces whenever a grammar rule is mentioned in some grammar rule component.
# Example: "my_table" and "where" are grammar rules.
# SELECT MAX(f1) FROM my_table where ;
# 6. If there are needs to write some message into a server log than avoid the use of auxiliary SQL (SELECT <message> etc.).
# Use something like:
# /* <your text> */ <SQL statement belonging to the test> ;
# instead.
# 7. Use uppercase characters for strings and keywords in statements. This avoids any not intended
# treatment as grammar rule.
# 8. Use the most simple option first in lists. This makes automatic grammar simplification
# which walks basically from right to left more efficient.
# Example:
# where:
# <empty> | WHERE `pk` BETWEEN _digit AND _digit | WHERE function_name_n() = _digit ;
# 9. The RQG "Reporter" LockTableKiller can help to accelerate "deadlocked" tests.
#
#
# Naming conventions (default)
# ========================================================
#
# Pattern (standard configuration) | Object
# -----------------------------------------
# testdb_* | database
# t1_* | table/view
# p1_* | procedure
# f1_* | function
# p1_* | procedure
# tr1_* | trigger
# End of grammar rule name (default) | characteristic
# -------------------------------------------------------
# _S | related to "sequence" object
# _N | related to "normal" object
#
# Within grammar rule name | characteristic
# -----------------------------------------------
# _name | name of the object
# _item | <schema name> . <name of the object>
# _list | either single rule (<schema name> . <name of the object>) or comma separated list
# | of such rules
#
# Missing but not really important improvements:
# - Reduce the amount of cases where "sequence" objects have "normal" objects within their definition.
# --> views,functions,procedures
# - Reduce the amount of cases where the wrong table types occur within object definitions
# Example: TABLE for a TRIGGER or VIEW definition. Names of temporary tables could be computed but are not allowed.
#
# Section of easy changeable rules with high impact on the test =============================================#
query_init:
# Variant 1:
# Advantage: Less failing (table does not exist ...) statements within the first phase of the test.
# init_basics1 : init_basics2 ; init_namespaces ; init_executor_table ; event_scheduler_on ; have_some_initial_objects ;
# Variant 2:
# Advantage: Better performance during bug hunt, test simplification etc. because objects are created at
# one place (<object>_ddl) only and not also in "have_some_initial_objects".
### Added "have_some_initial_objects" for execution of ddl's related to temp tables
init_basics1 ; init_basics2 ; init_namespaces ; init_executor_table ;
init_executor_table:
# This table is used in kill_query_or_session.
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS test . executors (id BIGINT, PRIMARY KEY(id)) ENGINE = MEMORY ; INSERT HIGH_PRIORITY IGNORE INTO test.executors SET id = CONNECTION_ID() ; COMMIT ;
init_basics1:
# 1. $life_time_unit = maximum lifetime of a table created within a CREATE, wait, DROP sequence.
#
# A reasonable value is bigger than any "wait for <whatever> lock" timeout.
#
# There are till now not sufficient experiences about the impact of different values on the outcome of the test.
#
# sequence object | lifetime
# ------------------------------------------------
# database | 2 * RAND() * $life_time_unit
# table (no view) | 1 * RAND() * $life_time_unit
# view | 0.5 * RAND() * $life_time_unit
# procedure | 0.5 * RAND() * $life_time_unit
# function | 0.5 * RAND() * $life_time_unit
# trigger | 0.5 * RAND() * $life_time_unit
#
# A DML statement using SLEEP will use 0.5 * RAND() * $life_time_unit seconds.
#
# one_thread_correction will correct $life_time_unit to 0 if we have only one "worker" thread.
#
# 2. $namespace_width = Width of a namespace
#
# Smaller numbers cause a
# - lower fraction of statements failing because of missing object
# - higher fraction of clashes when running with multiple sessions
#
# Some notes:
# - In case of one thread a $life_time_unit <> 0 does not make sense, because there is no parallel
# "worker" thread which could do something with the object during the "wait" period.
{ $life_time_unit = 1 ; $namespace_width = 2 ; if ( $ENV{RQG_THREADS} == 1 ) { $life_time_unit = 0 } ; return undef } avoid_bugs ; nothing_disabled ; system_table_stuff ;
init_basics2:
# Store information if we have a debug server in $out_file.
# 1. The "Home" directory of
# - the server would be <vardir>/master-data/
# <vardir> is alculated by MTR and affected by options given to runall.pl
# - RQG is <RQG install directory>
# 2. The environment does not contain any variable pointing to <vardir> or RQG directories
# Therefore we need a $outfile with absolute path.
{$out_file='/tmp/'.abs($$).'.tmp' ; unlink($out_file); return undef} SELECT VERSION() LIKE '%debug%' INTO OUTFILE {return "'".$out_file."'"};
init_namespaces:
# Please choose between the following alternatives
# separate_objects -- no_separate_objects
# separate_normal_sequence -- no_separate_normal_sequence
# separate_table_types -- no_separate_table_types
# 1. Low amount of failing statements, low risk to run into known not locking related crashes
separate_objects ; separate_normal_sequence ; separate_table_types ;
# 2. Higher amount of failing statements, risk to run into known temporary table related crashes
# separate_objects ; separate_normal_sequence ; no_separate_table_types ;
# 3. Total chaos
# High amount of failing statements, especially risk to run into known temporary table related crashes and asserts.
# no_separate_objects ; separate_normal_sequence ; no_separate_table_types ;
separate_table_types:
# Effect: Distinction between
# - base, temporary, merge and partioned tables + views
# - tables of any type and functions,procedures,triggers,events
# Only statements which are applicable to this type of table will be generated.
# Example: ALTER VIEW <existing partitioned table> ... should be not generated.
# Advantage: Less failing statements, logs are much easier to read
# Disadvantage: The avoided suitations are not tested.
{ $base_piece="base" ; $temp_piece="temp" ; $merge_piece="merge" ; $part_piece="part" ; $view_piece="view" ; return undef } ;
no_separate_table_types:
# Expected impact:
# - maybe higher load on tables of all types in general (depends on size of namespace)
# - a significant fraction of statements will fail with
# 1. 1064 "You have an error in your SQL syntax ..."
# Example: TRUNCATE <view>
# 2. <number <> 1064> <This option/whatever is not applicable to the current object/situation/whatever>
# This might look a bit ugly but it has the benefit that these statements are at least tried.
# The goal is not to check the parse process, but there might be temporary MDL locks or in worst
# case remaining permanent MDL lock. Effects of these locks should be also checked.
# Just as a reminder:
# A CREATE VIEW which fails with an error <> "You have an error in your SQL syntax" causes an implicit COMMIT
# of the current transaction.
{ $base_piece="" ; $temp_piece="" ; $merge_piece="" ; $part_piece="" ; $view_piece="" ; return undef } ;
separate_normal_sequence:
# Advantages/Disadvantages: To be discovered
{ $sequence_piece="_S" ; $normal_piece="_N" ; return undef } ;
no_separate_normal_sequence:
# Advantages/Disadvantages: To be discovered
{ $sequence_piece="" ; $normal_piece="" ; return undef } ;
separate_objects:
# Effect: Distinction between schemas, tables, functions, triggers, procedures and events
# Only statements which are applicable to this type of object will be generated.
# Example: CALL <existing partitioned table> ... should be not generated.
# Advantage: Less failing statements, logs are much easier to read
# Disadvantage: The avoided suitations are not tested.
{ $database_prefix="testdb" ; $table_prefix="t1_" ; $procedure_prefix="p1_" ; $function_prefix="f1_" ; $trigger_prefix="tr1_" ; $event_prefix="e1_" ; return undef } ;
no_separate_objects:
# Effect: At least no distinction between functions, triggers, procedures and events
# If no_separate_table_types is added, than also tables are no more separated.
# Example: CALL <existing partitioned table> ... should be not generated.
# Advantage: More coverage
# Disadvantage: More failing statements
{ $database_prefix="o1_1" ; $table_prefix="o1_" ; $procedure_prefix="o1_" ; $function_prefix="o1_" ; $trigger_prefix="o1_" ; $event_prefix="o1_" ; return undef } ;
avoid_bugs:
# Set this grammar rule to "empty" if for example no optimizer related server system variable has to be switched.
;
event_scheduler_on:
SET GLOBAL EVENT_SCHEDULER = ON ;
event_scheduler_off:
SET GLOBAL EVENT_SCHEDULER = OFF ;
have_some_initial_objects:
# It is assumed that this reduces the likelihood of "Table does not exist" significant when running with a small number of "worker" threads.
# The amount of create_..._table rules within the some_..._tables should depend a bit on the value in $namespace_width but I currently
# do not know how to express this in the grammar.
some_databases ; some_base_tables ; some_temp_tables ; some_merge_tables ; some_part_tables ; some_view_tables ; some_functions ; some_procedures ; some_trigger ; some_events ;
some_databases:
create_database ; create_database ; create_database ; create_database ;
some_base_tables:
create_base_table ; create_base_table ; create_base_table ; create_base_table ;
some_temp_tables:
create_temp_table ; create_temp_table ; create_temp_table ; create_temp_table ;
some_merge_tables:
create_merge_table ; create_merge_table ; create_merge_table ; create_merge_table ;
some_part_tables:
create_part_table ; create_part_table ; create_part_table ; create_part_table ;
some_view_tables:
create_view ; create_view ; create_view ; create_view ;
some_functions:
create_function ; create_function ; create_function ; create_function ;
some_procedures:
create_procedure ; create_procedure ; create_procedure ; create_procedure ;
some_trigger:
create_trigger ; create_trigger ; create_trigger ; create_trigger ;
some_events:
create_event ; create_event ; create_event ; create_event ;
nothing_disabled:
{ $sequence_begin = "/* Sequence start */" ; $sequence_end = "/* Sequence end */" ; return undef } ;
system_table_stuff:
# This is used in "grant_revoke".
CREATE USER otto@localhost ;
# Useful grammar rules ====================================================================================#
rand_val:
{ $rand_val = $prng->int(0,100) / 100 } ;
# Namespaces of objects ==========================================================================#
# An explanation of the namespace concept is on top of this file.
#
# 1. The database namespace ##########################################################################
database_name_s:
{ $database_name_s = $database_prefix . $sequence_piece ; $database_name = $database_name_s } ;
database_name_n:
{ $database_name_n = $database_prefix . $normal_piece ; $database_name = $database_name_n } ;
database_name:
# Get a random name from the "database" namespace.
# $database_name gets automatically filled when database_name_s or database_name_n is executed.
database_name_s | database_name_n ;
# 2. The base table namespace ########################################################################
base_table_name_s:
# Get a random name from the "base table long life" namespace.
{ $base_table_name_s = $table_prefix . $base_piece . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $sequence_piece ; $base_table_name = $base_table_name_s ; $table_name = $base_table_name } ;
base_table_name_n:
# Get a random name from the "base table short life" namespace.
{ $base_table_name_n = $table_prefix . $base_piece . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $normal_piece ; $base_table_name = $base_table_name_n ; $table_name = $base_table_name } ;
base_table_name:
# Get a random name from the "base table" namespace.
base_table_name_s | base_table_name_n ;
# Sometimes useful stuff:
base_table_item_s:
database_name_s . base_table_name_s { $base_table_item_s = $database_name_s . " . " . $base_table_name_s ; $base_table_item = $base_table_item_s ; return undef } ;
base_table_item_n:
database_name . base_table_name_n { $base_table_item_n = $database_name . " . " . $base_table_name_n ; $base_table_item = $base_table_item_n ; return undef } ;
base_table_item:
base_table_item_s | base_table_item_n ;
base_table_item_list_s:
base_table_item_s | base_table_item_s , base_table_item_s ;
base_table_item_list_n:
base_table_item_n | base_table_item_n , base_table_item_n ;
base_table_item_list:
base_table_item | base_table_item , base_table_item ;
# 3. The temp table namespace ########################################################################
# Please note that TEMPORARY merge tables will be not generated.
temp_table_name_s:
# Get a random name from the "temp table long life" namespace.
{ $temp_table_name_s = $table_prefix . $temp_piece . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $sequence_piece ; $temp_table_name = $temp_table_name_s ; $table_name = $temp_table_name } ;
temp_table_name_n:
# Get a random name from the "temp table short life" namespace.
{ $temp_table_name_n = $table_prefix . $temp_piece . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $normal_piece ; $temp_table_name = $temp_table_name_n ; $table_name = $temp_table_name } ;
temp_table_name:
# Get a random name from the "temp table" namespace.
temp_table_name_s | temp_table_name_n ;
# Sometimes useful stuff:
temp_table_item_s:
database_name_s . temp_table_name_s { $temp_table_item_s = $database_name_s . " . " . $temp_table_name_s ; $temp_table_item = $temp_table_item_s ; return undef } ;
temp_table_item_n:
database_name . temp_table_name_n { $temp_table_item_n = $database_name . " . " . $temp_table_name_n ; $temp_table_item = $temp_table_item_n ; return undef } ;
temp_table_item:
temp_table_item_s | temp_table_item_n ;
temp_table_item_list_s:
temp_table_item_s | temp_table_item_s , temp_table_item_s ;
temp_table_item_list_n:
temp_table_item_n | temp_table_item_n , temp_table_item_n ;
temp_table_item_list:
temp_table_item | temp_table_item , temp_table_item ;
# 4. The merge table namespace #######################################################################
# Please note that TEMPORARY merge tables will be not generated.
merge_table_name_s:
# Get a random name from the "merge table long life" namespace.
{ $merge_table_name_s = $table_prefix . $merge_piece . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $sequence_piece ; $merge_table_name = $merge_table_name_s ; $table_name = $merge_table_name } ;
merge_table_name_n:
# Get a random name from the "merge table short life" namespace.
{ $merge_table_name_n = $table_prefix . $merge_piece . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $normal_piece ; $merge_table_name = $merge_table_name_n ; $table_name = $merge_table_name } ;
merge_table_name:
# Get a random name from the "merge table" namespace.
merge_table_name_s | merge_table_name_n ;
# Sometimes useful stuff:
merge_table_item_s:
database_name_s . merge_table_name_s { $merge_table_item_s = $database_name_s . " . " . $merge_table_name_s ; $merge_table_item = $merge_table_item_s ; return undef } ;
merge_table_item_n:
database_name . merge_table_name_n { $merge_table_item_n = $database_name . " . " . $merge_table_name_n ; $merge_table_item = $merge_table_item_n ; return undef } ;
merge_table_item:
merge_table_item_s | merge_table_item_n ;
merge_table_item_list_s:
merge_table_item_s | merge_table_item_s , merge_table_item_s ;
merge_table_item_list_n:
merge_table_item_n | merge_table_item_n , merge_table_item_n ;
merge_table_item_list:
merge_table_item | merge_table_item , merge_table_item ;
# 5. The view table namespace ########################################################################
view_table_name_s:
# Get a random name from the "view table long life" namespace.
{ $view_table_name_s = $table_prefix . $view_piece . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $sequence_piece ; $view_table_name = $view_table_name_s ; $table_name = $view_table_name } ;
view_table_name_n:
# Get a random name from the "view table short life" namespace.
{ $view_table_name_n = $table_prefix . $view_piece . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $normal_piece ; $view_table_name = $view_table_name_n ; $table_name = $view_table_name } ;
view_table_name:
# Get a random name from the "view table" namespace.
view_table_name_s | view_table_name_n ;
# Sometimes useful stuff:
view_table_item_s:
database_name_s . view_table_name_s { $view_table_item_s = $database_name_s . " . " . $view_table_name_s ; $view_table_item = $view_table_item_s ; return undef };
view_table_item_n:
database_name . view_table_name_n { $view_table_item_n = $database_name . " . " . $view_table_name_n ; $view_table_item = $view_table_item_n ; return undef };
view_table_item:
view_table_item_s | view_table_item_n ;
view_table_item_list_s:
view_table_item_s | view_table_item_s , view_table_item_s ;
view_table_item_list_n:
view_table_item_n | view_table_item_n , view_table_item_n ;
view_table_item_list:
view_table_item | view_table_item , view_table_item ;
# 6. The partitioned table namespace #################################################################
part_table_name_s:
# Get a random name from the "part table long life" namespace.
{ $part_table_name_s = $table_prefix . $part_piece . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $sequence_piece ; $part_table_name = $part_table_name_s ; $table_name = $part_table_name } ;
part_table_name_n:
# Get a random name from the "part table short life" namespace.
{ $part_table_name_n = $table_prefix . $part_piece . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $normal_piece ; $part_table_name = $part_table_name_n ; $table_name = $part_table_name } ;
part_table_name:
# Get a random name from the "part table" namespace.
part_table_name_s | part_table_name_n ;
# Sometimes useful stuff:
part_table_item_s:
database_name_s . part_table_name_s { $part_table_item_s = $database_name_s . " . " . $part_table_name_s ; $part_table_item = $part_table_item_s ; return undef };
part_table_item_n:
database_name . part_table_name_n { $part_table_item_n = $database_name . " . " . $part_table_name_n ; $part_table_item = $part_table_item_n ; return undef };
part_table_item:
part_table_item_s | part_table_item_n ;
part_table_item_list_s:
part_table_item_s | part_table_item_s , part_table_item_s ;
part_table_item_list_n:
part_table_item_n | part_table_item_n , part_table_item_n ;
part_table_item_list:
part_table_item | part_table_item , part_table_item ;
# 7. Mixed namespaces of tables ################################################################
# 7.1 All tables ( base/temp/merge tables + views + ... #########################################
table_item_s:
base_table_item_s | temp_table_item_s | merge_table_item_s | view_table_item_s | part_table_item_s ;
table_item_n:
base_table_item_n | temp_table_item_n | merge_table_item_n | view_table_item_n | part_table_item_n ;
table_item:
table_item_s | table_item_n ;
table_list:
# Less likelihood for lists, because they
# - are most probably less often used
# - cause a higher likelihood of "table does not exist" errors.
table_item | table_item | table_item | table_item | table_item | table_item | table_item | table_item | table_item |
table_item , table_item ;
# 7.2 All tables but no views #######################################################################
table_no_view_item_s:
base_table_item_s | temp_table_item_s | merge_table_item_s | part_table_item_s ;
table_no_view_item_n:
base_table_item_n | temp_table_item_n | merge_table_item_n | part_table_item_n ;
table_no_view_item:
table_no_view_item_s | table_no_view_item_n ;
# 7.3 All base and temp tables + views ##############################################################
# These grammar rules could be used to avoid some partioning or merge table related bugs.
base_temp_view_table_item_s:
base_table_item_s | temp_table_item_s | view_table_item_s | part_table_item_s ;
base_temp_view_table_item_n:
base_table_item_n | temp_table_item_n | view_table_item_n | part_table_item_n ;
base_temp_view_table_item:
base_temp_view_table_item_s | base_temp_view_table_item ;
# 8. Other namespaces ##############################################################a
template_table_item:
# The disabled names are for future use. They cannot work with the current properties of .zz grammars.
# The problem is that we get in some scenarios tables with differing numnber of columns.
# { $template_table_item = "test.table0" } |
# { $template_table_item = "test.table1" } |
# { $template_table_item = "test.table10" } |
# { $template_table_item = "test.table0_int" } |
{ $template_table_item = "test.table0_int" } |
{ $template_table_item = "test.table1_int" } |
{ $template_table_item = "test.table10_int" } |
{ $template_table_item = "test.table0_int_autoinc" } |
{ $template_table_item = "test.table1_int_autoinc" } |
{ $template_table_item = "test.table10_int_autoinc" } ;
procedure_name_s:
# Get a random name from the "procedure long life" namespace.
{ $procedure_name_s = $procedure_prefix . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $sequence_piece ; $procedure_name = $procedure_name_s } ;
procedure_name_n:
# Get a random name from the "procedure short life" namespace.
{ $procedure_name_n = $procedure_prefix . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $normal_piece ; $procedure_name = $procedure_name_n } ;
procedure_name:
# Get a random name from the "procedure" namespace.
procedure_name_s | procedure_name_n ;
# Sometimes useful stuff:
procedure_item_s:
database_name_s . procedure_name_s { $procedure_item_s = $database_name_s . " . " . $procedure_name_s ; $procedure_item = $procedure_item_s ; return undef } ;
procedure_item_n:
database_name . procedure_name_n { $procedure_item_n = $database_name . " . " . $procedure_name_n ; $procedure_item = $procedure_item_n ; return undef } ;
procedure_item:
procedure_item_s | procedure_item_n ;
function_name_s:
# Get a random name from the "function long life" namespace.
{ $function_name_s = $function_prefix . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $sequence_piece ; $function_name = $function_name_s } ;
function_name_n:
# Get a random name from the "function short life" namespace.
{ $function_name_n = $function_prefix . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $normal_piece ; $function_name = $function_name_n } ;
function_name:
# Get a random name from the "function" namespace.
function_name_s | function_name_n ;
function_item_s:
database_name_s . function_name_s { $function_item_s = $database_name_s . " . " . $function_name_s ; $function_item = $function_item_s ; return undef } ;
function_item_n:
database_name . function_name_n { $function_item_n = $database_name . " . " . $function_name_n ; $function_item = $function_item_n ; return undef } ;
function_item:
function_item_s | function_item_n ;
trigger_name_s:
# Get a random name from the "trigger long life" namespace.
{ $trigger_name_s = $trigger_prefix . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $sequence_piece ; $trigger_name = $trigger_name_s } ;
trigger_name_n:
# Get a random name from the "trigger short life" namespace.
{ $trigger_name_n = $trigger_prefix . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $normal_piece ; $trigger_name = $trigger_name_n } ;
trigger_name:
# Get a random name from the "trigger" namespace.
trigger_name_s | trigger_name_n ;
trigger_item_s:
database_name_s . trigger_name_s { $trigger_item_s = $database_name_s . " . " . $trigger_name_s ; $trigger_item = $trigger_item_s ; return undef } ;
trigger_item_n:
database_name . trigger_name_n { $trigger_item_n = $database_name . " . " . $trigger_name_n ; $trigger_item = $trigger_item_n ; return undef } ;
trigger_item:
trigger_item_s | trigger_item_n ;
event_name_s:
# Get a random name from the "event long life" namespace.
{ $event_name_s = $event_prefix . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $sequence_piece ; $event_name = $event_name_s } ;
event_name_n:
# Get a random name from the "event short life" namespace.
{ $event_name_n = $event_prefix . $prng->int(1,$namespace_width) . $normal_piece ; $event_name = $event_name_n } ;
event_name:
# Get a random name from the "event" namespace.
event_name_s | event_name_n ;
event_item_s:
database_name_s . event_name_s { $event_item_s = $database_name_s . " . " . $event_name_s ; $event_item = $event_item_s ; return undef } ;
event_item_n:
database_name . event_name_n { $event_item_n = $database_name . " . " . $event_name_n ; $event_item = $event_item_n ; return undef } ;
event_item:
event_item_s | event_item_n ;
# Here starts the core of the test grammar ========================================================#
query:
dml | dml | dml | dml | ddl | transaction | lock_unlock | lock_unlock | flush | handler ;
########## TRANSACTIONS ####################
transaction:
start_transaction | commit | rollback |
start_transaction | commit | rollback |
start_transaction | commit | rollback |
SAVEPOINT savepoint_id | RELEASE SAVEPOINT savepoint_id | ROLLBACK work_or_empty TO savepoint_or_empty savepoint_id |
BEGIN work_or_empty | set_autocommit | kill_query_or_session ;
# No impact on mdl.cc , lock.cc ..... set_isolation_level ;
savepoint_id:
A | B ;
set_isolation_level:
SET SESSION TX_ISOLATION = TRIM(' isolation_level ');
isolation_level:
REPEATABLE-READ | READ-COMMITTED | SERIALIZABLE ;
start_transaction:
START TRANSACTION with_consistent_snapshot ;
with_consistent_snapshot:
| | | | | | | | | WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT ;
# COMMIT/ROLLBACK
#----------------
# 1. RELEASE should be rare
# 2. AND CHAIN RELEASE is nonsense and will get an error
# 3. COMMIT [ WORK ] [ AND [ NO ] CHAIN ] [RELEASE]
# AND NO CHAIN is the default, no RELEASE is the default
# 4. ROLLBACK [ WORK ] [ AND [ NO ] CHAIN ] [RELEASE]
# [ TO SAVEPOINT <savepoint specifier> ]
# You may specify only one of:
# "[AND [NO] CHAIN]" or "RELEASE" or "TO SAVEPOINT ...".
# AND NO CHAIN is the default, no RELEASE is the default
commit:
COMMIT work_or_empty no_chain release_or_empty |
COMMIT work_or_empty AND CHAIN ;
no_chain:
| | | |
AND NO CHAIN ;
release_or_empty:
| | | | | | | | | RELEASE ;
rollback:
ROLLBACK work_or_empty no_chain release_or_empty |
ROLLBACK work_or_empty AND CHAIN ;
set_autocommit:
SET AUTOCOMMIT = zero_or_one ;
kill_query_or_session:
#---------------------
# I expect in case
# - a query gets killed that most locks hold by this query are automatically removed.
# Metadata locks might survive till transaction end.
# - a session gets killed that any lock hold by this session gets automatically removed.
# We will not check the removal here via SQL or sophisticated PERL code.
# We just hope that forgotten locks lead sooner or later to nice deadlocks.
#
# Attention:
# There is some unfortunate sideeffect of KILL <session> .
# It reduces the probability to detect deadlocks because it
# might hit a participating session.
#
# Killing a query or session must NOT affect an
# - auxiliary RQG session (= non executor) because this can fool RQG's judgement
# about the test outcome
# - executor session which is within the early phase when it pulls meta data (table names, column names,
# data types, ...). This could end up with RQG exit status 255.
# -> "Can't use an undefined value as an ARRAY reference at lib/GenTest/Generator/FromGrammar.pm line 269."
# This is ensured by the following:
# Every executor pulls meta data and runs after that "query_init".
# Within "query_init" this executor writes his own CONNECTION_ID() into the table test.executors.
# When running KILL for another session only the id's found in test.executors must be selected.
# In case it is planned to kill
# - another session AFTER
# - own session (suicide) BEFORE
# the KILL statement the entry within test.executors has to be removed.
#
# Depending on scenario (a session might run COMMIT/ROLLBACK RELEASE) and whatever other effects it might happen that
# 1. A session disappears but the entry is not removed.
# This is harmless because somewhere later another session will pick the id from test.executors
# try the kill session and remove the entry.
# 2. A session entry in test.executors does not exist but the session is alife.
# This is harmless because somewhere later this session will try to remove its' no more existing
# entry from test.executors and kill himself.
#
# Scenarios covered:
# 1. S1 kills S2
# 2. S1 kills S1
# 3. S1 try to kill S3 which no more exists.
# 4. Various combinations of sessions running 1., 2. or 3.
#
# The various COMMITs should ensure that locking effects caused by activity on test.executors are minimal.
COMMIT ; own_id ; delete_executor_entry ; COMMIT ; KILL @kill_id |
COMMIT ; own_id ; ; COMMIT ; KILL QUERY @kill_id |
COMMIT ; minimal_id ; ; COMMIT ; KILL @kill_id ; delete_executor_entry ; COMMIT |
COMMIT ; minimal_id ; ; COMMIT ; KILL QUERY @kill_id ;
own_id:
SET @kill_id = CONNECTION_ID() ;
minimal_id:
SELECT MIN(id) INTO @kill_id FROM test . executors ;
delete_executor_entry:
DELETE FROM test . executors WHERE id = @kill_id ;
ddl:
database_ddl |
base_table_ddl | base_table_ddl | base_table_ddl |
temp_table_ddl | temp_table_ddl | temp_table_ddl |
merge_table_ddl | merge_table_ddl | merge_table_ddl |
part_table_ddl | part_table_ddl | part_table_ddl |
view_ddl | view_ddl | view_ddl |
procedure_ddl | procedure_ddl | procedure_ddl |
function_ddl | function_ddl | function_ddl |
trigger_ddl | trigger_ddl | trigger_ddl |
event_ddl |
truncate_table |
drop_table_list |
rename_table |
# Bug#54486 assert in my_seek, concurrent DROP/CREATE SCHEMA, CREATE TABLE, REPAIR
# affects table_maintenance_ddl in mysql-5.1.
# The problem seems to have disappeared in higher MySQL versions.
table_maintenance_ddl |
dump_load_data_sequence |
grant_revoke |
rename_column |
sql_mode ;
# "dump_load_data_sequence" with SELECT ... INTO OUTFILE ...; LOAD DATA ... INFILE
# consists more of DML statements, but we place this here under "ddl" because the
# statements in "dml" are often executed as prepared statements. And the text after
# PREPARE st1 FOR must not contain multiple statements.
########## HANDLER ####################
# The alias within HANDLER ... OPEN is optional. Unfortunately the HANDLER ... READ/CLOSE ... statements
# do not accept SCHEMA names. Therefore the tablename must be either a table within the current SCHEMA
# or an alias. We go with alias all time.
handler:
handler_open |
handler_read |
handler_close ;
handler_open:
HANDLER table_no_view_item OPEN as handler_a ;
handler_read:
HANDLER handler_a READ handler_index comparison_operator ( _digit ) handler_read_part |
HANDLER handler_a READ handler_index first_next_prev_last handler_read_part |
HANDLER handler_a READ first_next handler_read_part ;
handler_index:
`PRIMARY` |
`col_int_key` ;
handler_read_part:
| where ;
first_next:
FIRST |
NEXT ;
first_next_prev_last:
FIRST |
NEXT |
PREV |
LAST ;
handler_close:
HANDLER handler_a CLOSE ;
########## SHOW ####################
# We run here only object related SHOW commands except SHOW STATUS which checks counters
# of OPEN tables etc.
show:
database_show |
table_show |
routine_show |
SHOW STATUS ;
database_show:
show_databases | show_create_database ;
show_databases:
SHOW databases_schemas ;
databases_schemas:
DATABASES | SCHEMAS ;
show_create_database:
SHOW CREATE database_schema database_name ;
#----------------------------------
table_show:
show_tables | show_tables |
show_table_status | show_table_status |
show_create_table | show_create_view |
show_open_tables | show_columns ;
show_tables:
SHOW TABLES ;
show_create_table:
# Works also for views
SHOW CREATE TABLE table_item ;
show_open_tables:
SHOW OPEN TABLES IN database_name ;
show_table_status:
# Works also for views
SHOW TABLE STATUS ;
show_columns:
SHOW full COLUMNS from_in table_item show_columns_part ;
full:
# Only 20 %
| | | | FULL ;
from_in:
FROM | IN ;
show_columns_part:
# Attention: LIKE '_field' does not work, because RQG does not expand _field.
# LIKE '%int%' does not work, because RQG expands it to something like LIKE '%822214656%'.
# FIXME: Add "WHERE"
| LIKE '%INT%' ;
show_create_view:
SHOW CREATE VIEW view_table_item ;
#----------------------------------
routine_show:
show_create_function | show_function_code | show_function_status |
show_create_procedure | show_procedure_code | show_procedure_status |
show_triggers | show_create_trigger |
show_events | show_create_event ;
show_create_function:
SHOW CREATE FUNCTION function_item ;
show_function_code:
is_debug1 is_debug2 { return $m1 } SHOW FUNCTION CODE function_item { return $m2 };
show_function_status:
SHOW FUNCTION STATUS ;
show_create_procedure:
SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_item ;
show_procedure_code:
is_debug1 is_debug2 { return $m1 } SHOW PROCEDURE CODE procedure_item { return $m2 };
is_debug1:
# Calculate if we have a debug server.
{ $is_debug_server = -1; open($my_file,'<'.$out_file); read($my_file,$is_debug_server,1000); close($my_file); return undef };
is_debug2:
# Set the marker according if we have a debug server or not.
{ $m1='/*'; $m2='*/'; if ( $is_debug_server == 1 ) { $m1=''; $m2='' }; return undef } ;
show_procedure_status:
SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS ;
show_triggers:
SHOW TRIGGERS ;
show_create_trigger:
SHOW CREATE TRIGGER trigger_item ;
show_events:
SHOW EVENTS from_in database_name ;
show_create_event:
SHOW CREATE EVENT event_item_s ;
########## SELECTS ON THE INFORMATION_SCHEMA ####################
# We run here only object related SELECTs.
is_selects:
is_schemata | is_tables | is_columns ;
is_schemata:
/* database_name */ SELECT * FROM information_schema . schemata WHERE schema_name = TRIM(' $database_name ') ;
is_tables:
/* table_item */ SELECT * FROM information_schema . tables WHERE table_schema = TRIM(' $database_name ') AND table_name = TRIM(' $table_name ') ;
is_columns:
/* table_item */ SELECT * FROM information_schema . columns WHERE table_schema = TRIM(' $database_name ') AND table_name = TRIM(' $table_name ') AND column_name = random_field_quoted ;
# 19.1. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMATA Table
# 19.2. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLES Table
# 19.3. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMNS Table
# 19.4. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA STATISTICS Table
# 19.5. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA USER_PRIVILEGES Table
# 19.6. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table
# 19.7. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table
# 19.8. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table
# 19.9. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS Table
# 19.10. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATIONS Table
# 19.11. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table
# 19.12. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table
# 19.13. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table
# 19.14. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table
# 19.15. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA VIEWS Table
# 19.16. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS Table
# 19.17. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PLUGINS Table
# 19.18. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ENGINES Table
# 19.19. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARTITIONS Table
# 19.20. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA EVENTS Table
# 19.21. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA FILES Table
# 19.22. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLESPACES Table
# 19.23. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROCESSLIST Table
# 19.24. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS Table
# 19.25. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_STATUS and SESSION_STATUS Tables
# 19.26. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_VARIABLES and SESSION_VARIABLES Tables
# 19.27. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS Table
# 19.28. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROFILING Table
# 19.29. Other INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables
#
########## DATABASE ####################
database_ddl:
create_database | create_database | create_database |
drop_database | alter_database |
database_sequence ;
create_database:
CREATE database_schema if_not_exists database_name_n database_spec ;
database_schema:
DATABASE | SCHEMA ;
database_spec:
# We do not want to test CHARACTER SETs and COLLATIONs, but we need something for ALTER DATABASE.
default_word CHARACTER SET equal utf8 | default_word COLLATE equal utf8_bin ;
drop_database:
DROP database_schema if_exists database_name_n ;
alter_database:
ALTER database_schema database_name_n database_spec ;
database_sequence:
# Have a bigger lifetime for databases because the objects with extended lifetime are stored there.
$sequence_begin CREATE database_schema database_name_s ; wait_till_drop_database ; DROP database_schema $database_name_s $sequence_end ;
wait_till_drop_database:
SELECT SLEEP( 2 * rand_val * $life_time_unit ) ;
########## BASE AND TEMPORARY TABLES ####################
base_table_ddl:
create_base_table | create_base_table | create_base_table | create_base_table | create_base_table | create_base_table |
drop_base_table | alter_base_table |
base_table_sequence ;
create_base_table:
CREATE TABLE if_not_exists base_table_item_n { $create_table_item = $base_table_item_n ; return undef } create_table_part ;
create_table_part:
LIKE template_table_item ; ALTER TABLE $create_table_item ENGINE = engine ; INSERT INTO $create_table_item SELECT * FROM $template_table_item |
LIKE template_table_item ; ALTER TABLE $create_table_item ENGINE = engine ; INSERT INTO $create_table_item SELECT * FROM $template_table_item |
AS used_select ;
drop_base_table:
# DROP two tables is in "drop_table_list"
DROP TABLE if_exists base_table_item_n restrict_cascade ;
alter_base_table:
ALTER ignore TABLE base_table_item_n alter_base_temp_table_part ;
alter_base_temp_table_part:
# Reasons why "ENGINE = engine" should be rather rare:
# 1. ALTER ... ENGINE = <engine> is rather rare within a production system running under DML load
# 2. ALTER ... ENGINE = <engine != MyISAM> "damages" any MERGE table using the affected table as base table.
# As a consequence nerly all statements on the MERGE table will fail.
COMMENT = 'UPDATED NOW()' | COMMENT = 'UPDATED NOW()' | COMMENT = 'UPDATED NOW()' | COMMENT = 'UPDATED NOW()' | COMMENT = 'UPDATED NOW()' |
COMMENT = 'UPDATED NOW()' | COMMENT = 'UPDATED NOW()' | COMMENT = 'UPDATED NOW()' | COMMENT = 'UPDATED NOW()' |
ENGINE = engine ;
base_table_sequence:
$sequence_begin CREATE TABLE if_not_exists base_table_item_s LIKE template_table_item ; ALTER TABLE $base_table_item_s ENGINE = engine ; INSERT INTO $base_table_item_s SELECT * FROM $template_table_item ; COMMIT ; wait_till_drop_table ; DROP TABLE $base_table_item_s $sequence_end ;
wait_till_drop_table:
SELECT SLEEP( rand_val * $life_time_unit ) ;
temp_table_ddl:
# Attention: temp_table_sequence is intentionally omitted, because no other session will be
# able to use this table.
create_temp_table | create_temp_table | create_temp_table | create_temp_table | create_temp_table | create_temp_table |
drop_temp_table | alter_temp_table ;
create_temp_table:
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE if_not_exists temp_table_item_n { $create_table_item = $temp_table_item_n ; return undef } create_table_part ;
drop_temp_table:
# DROP two tables is in "drop_table_list"
# A pure DROP TABLE is allowed, but we get an implicit COMMITs for that.
DROP TEMPORARY TABLE if_exists temp_table_item_n |
DROP TABLE if_exists temp_table_item_n ;
alter_temp_table:
ALTER ignore TABLE temp_table_item_n alter_base_temp_table_part ;
########## MAINTENANCE FOR ANY TABLE ####################
# The server accepts these statements for all table types (VIEWs, base tables, ...) though they
# should have partially no effect. We run them on all table types because everything which gets
# accepted has to be checked even if the command should do nothing.
# Example:
# OPTIMIZE ... TABLE <view> ...
# Table Op Msg_type Msg_text
# test.v1 optimize Error Table 'test.v1' doesn't exist
# test.v1 optimize status Operation failed
# OPTIMIZE ... TABLE <merge table> ...
# Table Op Msg_type Msg_text
# test.t1m optimize note The storage engine for the table doesn't support optimize
#
table_maintenance_ddl:
analyze_table | optimize_table | checksum_table | check_table | repair_table ;
analyze_table:
ANALYZE not_to_binlog_local TABLE table_list ;
not_to_binlog_local:
| NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG | LOCAL ;
optimize_table:
OPTIMIZE not_to_binlog_local TABLE table_list ;
checksum_table:
CHECKSUM TABLE table_list quick_extended ;
quick_extended:
| quick | extended ;
extended:
# Only 10 %
| | | | | | | | | EXTENDED ;
check_table:
CHECK TABLE table_list check_table_options ;
check_table_options:
| FOR UPGRADE | QUICK | FAST | MEDIUM | EXTENDED | CHANGED ;
repair_table:
REPAIR not_to_binlog_local TABLE table_list quick extended use_frm ;
use_frm:
# Only 10 %
| | | | | | | | | USE_FRM ;
########## MIXED TABLE RELATED DDL #################################
truncate_table:
TRUNCATE table_word table_no_view_item_n ;
table_word:
| TABLE ;
drop_table_list:
# DROP one table is in "drop_*table"
# 1. We mix here all tables except VIEWs up.
# 2. We have an increased likelihood that the statement fails because of use of
# - "temporary" (only correct in case of a temporary table)
# - two tables (some might not exist)
DROP temporary TABLE if_exists table_no_view_item_n , table_no_view_item_n restrict_cascade ;
rename_table:
# RENAME TABLE works also on all types of tables (includes VIEWs)
RENAME TABLE rename_item_list ;
rename_item_list:
rename_item | rename_item , rename_item ;
rename_item:
# Preserve the object type (base,temp,....) and type (Normal) otherwise debugging becomes difficult and
# the concept with different lifetimes gets broken.
base_table_item_n TO base_table_item_n |
temp_table_item_n TO temp_table_item_n |
merge_table_item_n TO merge_table_item_n |
part_table_item_n TO part_table_item_n ;
rename_column:
ALTER TABLE table_no_view_item_s CHANGE COLUMN column_to_change my_column INT |
ALTER TABLE table_no_view_item_s CHANGE COLUMN my_column column_to_change INT ;
column_to_change:
`col_int` | `col_int_key` | `pk` ;
########## MERGE TABLE DDL ####################
merge_table_ddl:
create_merge_table | create_merge_table | create_merge_table | create_merge_table | create_merge_table | create_merge_table |
drop_merge_table | alter_merge_table |
merge_table_sequence ;
create_merge_table:
# There is a high risk that the tables which we pick for merging do not fit together because they
# have different structures. We try to reduce this risk to end up with no merge table at all
# by the following:
# 1. Let the merge table have the structure of the first base table.
# CREATE TABLE <merge table> LIKE <first base table>
# 2. Let the merge table be based on the first base table.
# ALTER TABLE <merge table> ENGINE = MERGE UNION(<first base table>)
# 3. Add the second base table to the merge table.
# ALTER TABLE <merge table> UNION(<first base table>, <second merge table>)
merge_init_n build_partner1 ; build_partner2 ; create_merge ;
insert_method:
| INSERT_METHOD = insert_method_value | INSERT_METHOD = insert_method_value | INSERT_METHOD = insert_method_value ;
insert_method_value:
NO | FIRST | LAST ;
drop_merge_table:
# DROP two tables is in "drop_table_list"
DROP TABLE if_exists merge_table_item_n ;
merge_table_sequence:
# Notes:
# There is a significant likelihood that random picked table names as base for the merge table cannot
# be used for the creation of a merge table because the corresponding tables
# - must exist
# - use the storage engine MyISAM
# - have the same layout
# Therefore we create here all we need.
# The use of "base_table_name_n" for the tables to be merged guarantees that these tables
# are under full DDL/DML load.
# I do not DROP the underlying tables at sequence end because I hope that "drop_base_table" or similar will do this sooner or later.
$sequence_begin merge_init_s build_partner1 ; build_partner2 ; create_merge ; wait_till_drop_table ; DROP TABLE $mt $sequence_end ;
alter_merge_table:
# We do not change here the UNION because of the high risk that this fails.
# It is intentional that we use merge_table_name and not merge_table_name_n.
ALTER ignore TABLE merge_table_item_n COMMENT = 'UPDATED NOW()' |
ALTER TABLE merge_table_item_n INSERT_METHOD = insert_method_value ;
merge_init_s:
/* merge_table_item_s { $mt = $merge_table_item_s ; return undef } consists of ( base_table_item_s { $mp1 = $base_table_item_s ; return undef } , base_table_item_s { $mp2 = $base_table_item_s ; return undef } ) based on template_table_item */ ;
merge_init_n:
/* merge_table_item_n { $mt = $merge_table_item_n ; return undef } consists of ( base_table_item_n { $mp1 = $base_table_item_n ; return undef } , base_table_item_n { $mp2 = $base_table_item_n ; return undef } ) based on template_table_item */ ;
build_partner1:
# This also initializes $database_name and $base_table_name which gets used by the other commands within the sequence.
CREATE TABLE if_not_exists $mp1 LIKE $template_table_item ; ALTER TABLE $mp1 ENGINE = MyISAM ; INSERT INTO $mp1 SELECT * FROM $template_table_item ;
build_partner2:
# This also initializes $database_name and $base_table_name which gets used by the other commands within the sequence.
CREATE TABLE if_not_exists $mp2 LIKE $template_table_item ; ALTER TABLE $mp2 ENGINE = MyISAM ; INSERT INTO $mp2 SELECT * FROM $template_table_item ;
create_merge:
CREATE TABLE if_not_exists $mt LIKE $template_table_item ; ALTER TABLE $mt ENGINE = MERGE UNION ( $mp1 , $mp2 ); COMMIT ;
########## PARTITIONED TABLE DDL ####################
part_table_ddl:
create_part_table | create_part_table | create_part_table | create_part_table | create_part_table | create_part_table |
drop_part_table |
alter_part_table |
part_table_sequence ;
create_part_table:
CREATE TABLE if_not_exists part_table_item_n ENGINE = MyISAM partition_algorithm AS SELECT * FROM template_table_item |
CREATE TABLE if_not_exists part_table_item_n ENGINE = MyISAM partition_algorithm AS SELECT * FROM template_table_item |
CREATE TABLE if_not_exists part_table_item_n ENGINE = MyISAM partition_algorithm AS used_select ;
partition_algorithm:
# We do not need sophisticated partitioning here.
PARTITION BY KEY (pk) PARTITIONS 2 |
PARTITION BY LINEAR HASH(pk) PARTITIONS 3 ;
drop_part_table:
# DROP two tables is in "drop_table_list"
DROP TABLE if_exists part_table_item_n ;
alter_part_table:
ALTER ignore TABLE part_table_item_n alter_part_table_part ;
alter_part_table_part:
partition_algorithm |
COMMENT = 'UPDATED NOW()' ;
part_table_sequence:
$sequence_begin CREATE TABLE if_not_exists part_table_item_s ENGINE = MyISAM partition_algorithm AS SELECT * FROM template_table_item ; COMMIT ; wait_till_drop_table ; DROP TABLE $part_table_item_s $sequence_end ;
########## VIEW DDL ####################
view_ddl:
create_view | create_view | create_view | create_view | create_view | create_view | create_view | create_view |
drop_view | alter_view |
view_sequence ;
create_view:
CREATE view_replace ALGORITHM = view_algoritm VIEW view_table_item_n AS used_select ;
view_replace:
# Only 20 %
| | | | OR REPLACE ;
view_algoritm:
UNDEFINED | MERGE | TEMPTABLE ;
drop_view:
DROP VIEW if_exists view_table_item_n restrict_cascade ;
restrict_cascade:
# RESTRICT and CASCADE, if given, are parsed and ignored.
| RESTRICT | CASCADE ;
alter_view:
# Attention: Only changing the algorithm is not allowed.
ALTER ALGORITHM = view_algoritm VIEW view_table_item_n AS used_select ;
view_sequence:
$sequence_begin CREATE ALGORITHM = view_algoritm VIEW view_table_item_s AS used_select ; COMMIT ; SELECT wait_short ; DROP VIEW $view_table_item_s $sequence_end ;
########## STORED PROCEDURE DDL ####################
procedure_ddl:
create_procedure | create_procedure |
drop_procedure | alter_procedure |
procedure_sequence ;
create_procedure:
CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_item_n () BEGIN proc_stmt ; proc_stmt ; END ;
proc_stmt:
select | update ;
drop_procedure:
DROP PROCEDURE if_exists procedure_item_n ;
alter_procedure:
ALTER PROCEDURE procedure_item_n COMMENT 'UPDATED NOW()' ;
procedure_sequence:
# FIXME: The PROCEDURE should touch base_table_name_s only .
$sequence_begin CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_item_s () BEGIN proc_stmt ; proc_stmt ; END ; COMMIT ; SELECT wait_short ; DROP PROCEDURE $procedure_item_s $sequence_end ;
########## STORED FUNCTION DDL ####################
function_ddl:
create_function | create_function |
drop_function | alter_function |
function_sequence ;
create_function:
CREATE FUNCTION function_item_n () RETURNS INTEGER BEGIN func_statement ; func_statement ; RETURN 1 ; END ;
func_statement:
# All result sets of queries within a function must be processed within the function.
# -> Use a CURSOR or SELECT ... INTO ....
SET @my_var = 1 | SELECT MAX( random_field_quoted1 ) FROM table_item INTO @my_var | insert | delete ;
drop_function:
DROP FUNCTION if_exists function_item_n ;
alter_function:
ALTER FUNCTION function_item_n COMMENT 'UPDATED NOW()' ;
function_sequence:
$sequence_begin CREATE FUNCTION function_item_s () RETURNS INTEGER RETURN ( SELECT MOD( COUNT( DISTINCT random_field_quoted1 ) , 10 ) FROM table_item_s ) ; COMMIT ; SELECT wait_short ; DROP FUNCTION $function_item_s $sequence_end ;
########## TRIGGER DDL ####################
trigger_ddl:
create_trigger | create_trigger |
drop_trigger |
trigger_sequence ;
create_trigger:
CREATE TRIGGER trigger_item_n trigger_time trigger_event ON base_table_name_n FOR EACH ROW BEGIN trigger_action ; END ;
trigger_time:
BEFORE | AFTER ;
trigger_event:
INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE ;
trigger_action:
insert | replace | delete | update | CALL procedure_item ;
drop_trigger:
DROP TRIGGER if_exists trigger_item_n ;
trigger_sequence:
# FIXME: The action within the trigger should touch base_table_name_s only.
$sequence_begin CREATE TRIGGER trigger_item_s trigger_time trigger_event ON table_item_s FOR EACH ROW BEGIN trigger_action ; END ; COMMIT ; SELECT wait_short ; DROP TRIGGER $trigger_item_s $sequence_end ;
########## EVENT DDL ####################
event_ddl:
create_event | create_event | create_event | create_event | create_event | create_event | create_event | create_event |
drop_event | alter_event | drop_event | alter_event | drop_event | alter_event | drop_event | alter_event |
event_scheduler_on | event_scheduler_off ;
create_event:
CREATE EVENT if_not_exists event_item_s ON SCHEDULE EVERY 10 SECOND STARTS NOW() ENDS NOW() + INTERVAL 21 SECOND completion_handling DO SELECT * FROM table_item LIMIT 1 ;
completion_handling:
ON COMPLETION not_or_empty PRESERVE ;
drop_event:
DROP EVENT if_exists event_item_s ;
alter_event:
ALTER EVENT event_item_s COMMENT 'UPDATED NOW()';
########## DML ####################
dml:
# Have only 10 % prepared statements.
# SQL Statements to be handled via PREPARE, EXECUTE and DEALLOCATE cause a bigger amount of
# failing statements than SQL statements which are executed in non prepared mode.
# The reason is that we run the EXECUTE and DEALLOCATE independent of the outcome of the
# PREPARE. So if the PREPARE fails because some table is missing, we loose the old
# prepared statement handle, if there was any, and get no new one. Therefore the succeeding
# EXECUTE and DEALLOCATE will also failcw because of missing statement handle.
dml2 | dml2 | dml2 | dml2 | dml2 | dml2 | dml2 | dml2 | dml2 |
PREPARE st1 FROM " dml2 " ; EXECUTE st1 ; DEALLOCATE PREPARE st1 ;
dml2:
select | select | select |
do | insert | replace | delete | update | CALL procedure_item | show | is_selects ;
########## DO ####################
do:
DO 1 |
# A lot options like HIGH_PRIORITY (after SELECT ) etc. are not allowed in connection with DO.
# The SELECT must give one column.
DO ( SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_item WHERE `pk` BETWEEN _digit[invariant] AND _digit[invariant] + 20 ) |
DO user_lock_action ;
user_lock_action:
IS_FREE_LOCK(TRIM(' _digit ')) |
IS_USED_LOCK(TRIM(' _digit ')) |
RELEASE_LOCK(TRIM(' _digit ')) |
GET_LOCK(TRIM(' _digit '), 0.5 * rand_val * $life_time_unit ) ;
########## SELECT ####################
select:
select_normal | select_normal | select_normal | select_normal | select_with_sleep ;
select_normal:
# select = Just a query = A statement starting with "SELECT".
select_part1 addition into for_update_lock_in_share_mode ;
select_with_sleep:
# Run a SELECT which holds locks (if there are any) longer.
SELECT 1 FROM table_item WHERE wait_short = 0 LIMIT 1 ;
used_select:
# used_select = The SELECT used in CREATE VIEW/TABLE ... AS SELECT, INSERT INTO ... SELECT
# "PROCEDURE ANALYSE" and "INTO DUMPFILE/OUTFILE/@var" are not generated because they
# are partially disallowed or cause garbage (PROCEDURE).
select_part1 addition_no_procedure ;
select_part1:
SELECT high_priority cache_results table_field_list_or_star FROM table_in_select as A ;
cache_results:
| sql_no_cache | sql_cache ;
sql_no_cache:
# Only 10 %
| | | | | | | | |
SQL_NO_CACHE ;
sql_cache:
# Only 10 %
| | | | | | | | |
SQL_CACHE ;
table_in_select:
# Attention: In case of CREATE VIEW a subquery in the FROM clause (derived table) is disallowed.
# Therefore they should be rare.
table_item | table_item | table_item | table_item | table_item |
( SELECT table_field_list_or_star FROM table_item ) ;
addition:
# Involve one (simple where condition) or two tables (subquery | join | union)
where procedure_analyze |
subquery procedure_analyze |
join where procedure_analyze |
procedure_analyze union where ;
addition_no_procedure:
# Involve one (simple where condition) or two tables (subquery | join | union)
# Don't add procedure_analyze.
where | where | where | where | where | where | where |
subquery |
join where |
union where ;
where:
# The very selective condition is intentional.
# It should ensure that
# - result sets (just SELECT) do not become too big because this affects the performance in general and
# the memery consumption of RQG (I had a ~ 3.5 GB virt memory RQG perl process during some simplifier run!)
# - tables (INSERT ... SELECT, REPLACE) do not become too big
# - tables (DELETE) do not become permanent empty
# Please note that there are some cases where LIMIT cannot be used.
WHERE `pk` BETWEEN _digit[invariant] AND _digit[invariant] + 1 |
WHERE function_item () = _digit AND `pk` = _digit ;
union:
UNION SELECT * FROM table_in_select as B ;
join:
# Do not place a where condition here.
NATURAL JOIN table_item B ;
subquery:
correlated |
non_correlated ;
subquery_part1:
WHERE A.`pk` IN ( SELECT `pk` FROM table_item AS B WHERE B.`pk` = ;
correlated:
subquery_part1 A.`pk` ) ;
non_correlated:
subquery_part1 _digit ) ;
procedure_analyze:
# Correct place of PROCEDURE ANALYSE( 10 , 2000 )
# 0. Attention: The result set of the SELECT gets replaced by PROCEDURE ANALYSE output.
# 1. WHERE ... PROCEDURE (no UNION of JOIN)
# 2. SELECT ... PROCEDURE UNION SELECT ... (never after UNION)
# 3. SELECT ... FROM ... PROCEDURE ... JOIN (never at statement end)
# 4. Never in a SELECT which does not use a table
# 5. Any INTO DUMPFILE/OUTFILE/@var must be after PROCEDURE ANALYSE.
# The content of DUMPFILE/OUTFILE/@var is from the PROCEDURE ANALYSE result set.
# 6. CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT PROCEDURE -> The table contains the PROCEDURE result set.
# 7. INSERT ... SELECT ... PROCEDURE -> It's tried to INSERT the PROCEDURE result set.
# High likelihood of ER_WRONG_VALUE_COUNT_ON_ROW
# Only 10 %
| | | | | | | | |
PROCEDURE ANALYSE( 10 , 2000 ) ;
into:
# Only 10 %
| | | | | | | | |
INTO into_object ;
into_object:
# INSERT ... SELECT ... INTO DUMPFILE/OUTFILE/@var is not allowed
# This also applies to CREATE TABLE ... AS SELECT ... INTO DUMPFILE/OUTFILE/@var
# 1. @_letter is in average not enough variables compared to the column list.
# -> @_letter disabled till I find a solution.
# 2. DUMPFILE requires a result set of one row
# Therefore 1172 Result consisted of more than one row is very likely.
# OUTFILE _tmpnam | DUMPFILE _tmpnam | @_letter ;
OUTFILE _tmpnam ;
for_update_lock_in_share_mode:
| for_update | lock_share ;
for_update:
# Only 10 %
| | | | | | | | |
FOR UPDATE ;
lock_share:
# Only 10 %
| | | | | | | | |
LOCK IN SHARE MODE ;
########## INSERT ####################
insert:
insert_normal | insert_normal | insert_normal | insert_normal | insert_with_sleep ;
insert_normal:
INSERT low_priority_delayed_high_priority ignore into_word table_item simple_or_complicated on_duplicate_key_update ;
simple_or_complicated:
( random_field_quoted1 ) VALUES ( digit_or_null ) |
braced_table_field_list used_select LIMIT 1 ;
on_duplicate_key_update:
# Only 10 %
| | | | | | | | |
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE random_field_quoted1 = _digit ;
insert_with_sleep:
INSERT ignore INTO table_item ( table_field_list ) SELECT $table_field_list FROM table_item WHERE wait_short = 0 LIMIT 1 ;
########## REPLACE ####################
replace:
# 1. No ON DUPLICATE .... option. In case of DUPLICATE key it runs DELETE old row INSERT new row.
# 2. HIGH_PRIORITY is not allowed
REPLACE low_priority_delayed into_word table_item simple_or_complicated ;
########## DUMP_LOAD_DATA ####################
dump_load_data_sequence:
# We omit a lot stuff which could be assigned after the table name. This stuff should
# be important for locking tests.
# We generate an outfile so that we have a chance to find an infile.
# Go with the next command as soon as "LOCAL" is supported. (not supported in 5.4)
# generate_outfile ; LOAD DATA low_priority_concurrent local_or_empty INFILE tmpnam replace_ignore INTO TABLE table_item ;
generate_outfile ; LOAD DATA low_priority_concurrent INFILE tmpnam replace_ignore INTO TABLE table_item ;
generate_outfile:
SELECT * FROM template_table_item INTO OUTFILE _tmpnam ;
low_priority_concurrent:
| low_priority | concurrent ;
concurrent:
# Only 20 % <> empty.
| | | | CONCURRENT ;
replace_ignore:
| replace_option | ignore ;
########## GRANT_REVOKE ####################
# We mix here some trouble I can imagine on mysql.tables_priv. It's basically how we access it's content.
grant_revoke:
GRANT ALL ON table_item TO otto@localhost |
REVOKE ALL ON table_item FROM otto@localhost |
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM mysql.tables_priv WHERE user = LOWER('OTTO') |
DELETE FROM mysql.tables_priv WHERE user = LOWER('OTTO') ; FLUSH PRIVILEGES |
/* table_item */ INSERT INTO mysql.tables_priv (host,db,user,table_name,grantor,table_priv) VALUES (LOWER('LOCALHOST'),TRIM(' $database '),LOWER('OTTO'),TRIM(' $table_name '),LOWER('ROOT@LOCALHOST'),'Select') ; FLUSH PRIVILEGES |
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.table_privileges WHERE grantee LIKE '%OTTO%' |
SHOW GRANTS FOR otto@localhost ;
########## SQL MODE ########################
sql_mode:
empty_mode | empty_mode | empty_mode | empty_mode |
empty_mode | empty_mode | empty_mode | empty_mode |
empty_mode | empty_mode | empty_mode | empty_mode |
traditional_mode ;
empty_mode:
SET SESSION SQL_MODE='' ;
traditional_mode:
SET SESSION SQL_MODE=LOWER('TRADITIONAL');
########## DELETE ####################
# FIXME: DELETE IGNORE is missing
delete:
delete_normal | delete_normal | delete_normal | delete_normal | delete_with_sleep ;
delete_normal:
# LIMIT row_count is disallowed in case we have a multi table delete.
# Example: DELETE low_priority quick ignore A , B FROM table_item AS A join where LIMIT _digit |
# DELETE is ugly because a table alias is not allowed.
DELETE low_priority quick ignore FROM table_item WHERE `pk` > _digit LIMIT 1 |
DELETE low_priority quick ignore A , B FROM table_item AS A join where |
DELETE low_priority quick ignore A FROM table_item AS A where_subquery ;
where_subquery:
where | subquery ;
delete_with_sleep:
DELETE low_priority quick FROM table_item WHERE `pk` + wait_short = _digit ;
########## UPDATE ####################
update:
update_normal | update_normal | update_normal | update_normal | update_with_sleep ;
update_normal:
UPDATE low_priority ignore table_item SET random_field_quoted1 = _digit WHERE `pk` > _digit LIMIT _digit |
UPDATE low_priority ignore table_item AS A join SET A. random_field_quoted1 = _digit , B. random_field_quoted1 = _digit ;
update_with_sleep:
UPDATE low_priority ignore table_item SET random_field_quoted1 = _digit WHERE wait_short = 0 LIMIT 1 ;
########## LOCK/UNLOCK ####################
lock_unlock:
lock | unlock | unlock | unlock | unlock ;
lock:
LOCK TABLES lock_list ;
lock_list:
# Less likelihood for lists, because they
# - are most probably less often used
# - cause a higher likelihood of "table does not exist" errors.
lock_item | lock_item | lock_item | lock_item | lock_item | lock_item | lock_item | lock_item | lock_item |
lock_item , lock_item ;
lock_item:
# Have a low risk to get a clash of same table alias.
table_item AS _letter lock_type ;
lock_type:
READ local_or_empty |
low_priority WRITE ;
unlock:
UNLOCK TABLES ;
########## FLUSH ####################
flush:
# WITH READ LOCK causes that nearly all following statements will fail with
# Can't execute the query because you have a conflicting read lock
# Therefore it should
# - be rare
# - last only very short time
# So I put it into a sequence with FLUSH ... ; wait a bit ; UNLOCK TABLES
FLUSH TABLE table_list | FLUSH TABLE table_list | FLUSH TABLE table_list |
FLUSH TABLE table_list | FLUSH TABLE table_list | FLUSH TABLE table_list |
FLUSH TABLE table_list | FLUSH TABLE table_list | FLUSH TABLE table_list |
FLUSH TABLE table_list | FLUSH TABLE table_list | FLUSH TABLE table_list |
FLUSH TABLES | FLUSH TABLES | FLUSH TABLES |
FLUSH TABLES | FLUSH TABLES | FLUSH TABLES |
FLUSH TABLES table_list WITH READ LOCK | UNLOCK TABLES | UNLOCK TABLES |
FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK ; SELECT wait_short ; UNLOCK TABLES ;
########## TINY GRAMMAR ITEMS USED AT MANY PLACES ###########
as:
| AS ;
braced_table_field_list:
# In case of <empty> for braced_table_field_list we have a significant fraction of
# INSERT/REPLACE INTO <table> <no field list>
# failing with: 1394 Can not insert into join view 'test.t1_view_0_S' without fields list
# Therefore <empty> is only 20 %.
( table_field_list ) | ( table_field_list ) | ( table_field_list ) | ( table_field_list ) | ;
comparison_operator:
= |
<= |
>= |
< |
> ;
default_word:
| DEFAULT ;
digit_or_null:
_digit | _digit | _digit | _digit | _digit | _digit | _digit | _digit | _digit |
NULL ;
engine:
MEMORY | MyISAM | InnoDB ;
equal:
| = ;
delayed:
# Only 10 %
| | | | | | | | | DELAYED ;
high_priority:
# Only 20 %
| | | | HIGH_PRIORITY ;
ignore:
# Only 10 %
| | | | | | | | |
IGNORE ;
if_exists:
# 90 %, this reduces the amount of failing DROPs
| IF EXISTS | IF EXISTS | IF EXISTS | IF EXISTS | IF EXISTS | IF EXISTS | IF EXISTS | IF EXISTS | IF EXISTS ;
if_not_exists:
# 90 %, this reduces the amount of failing CREATEs
| IF NOT EXISTS | IF NOT EXISTS | IF NOT EXISTS | IF NOT EXISTS | IF NOT EXISTS | IF NOT EXISTS | IF NOT EXISTS | IF NOT EXISTS | IF NOT EXISTS ;
into_word:
# Only 50 %
| INTO ;
local_or_empty:
# Only 20%
| | | | LOCAL ;
low_priority_delayed_high_priority:
| low_priority | delayed | high_priority ;
low_priority_delayed:
| low_priority | delayed ;
low_priority:
# Only 10 %
| | | | | | | | |
LOW_PRIORITY ;
no_or_empty:
| NO ;
not_or_empty:
| NOT ;
quick:
# Only 10 %
| | | | | | | | |
QUICK ;
random_field_quoted:
'int_key' | 'int' | 'pk' ;
random_field_quoted1:
`col_int_key` | `col_int` | `pk` ;
replace_option:
# Only 20 % <> empty.
| | | | REPLACE ;
savepoint_or_empty:
SAVEPOINT | ;
sql_buffer_result:
# Only 50%
| SQL_BUFFER_RESULT ;
table_field_list_or_star:
table_field_list | table_field_list | table_field_list | table_field_list |
{ $table_field_list = "*" } ;
table_field_list:
# It is intentional that the next line will lead to ER_FIELD_SPECIFIED_TWICE
# in case it is used in INSERT INTO <table> ( table_field_list )
{ $table_field_list = "`pk` , `col_int_key` , `pk` "} |
{ $table_field_list = "`col_int_key` , `col_int` , `pk` "} |
{ $table_field_list = "`col_int_key` , `pk` , `col_int` "} |
{ $table_field_list = "`col_int` , `pk` , `col_int_key` "} |
{ $table_field_list = "`col_int` , `col_int_key` , `pk` "} |
{ $table_field_list = "`pk` , `col_int` , `col_int_key` "} |
{ $table_field_list = "`pk` , `col_int_key` , `col_int` "} ;
temporary:
# Attention:
# Do not apply CREATE/DROP TEMPORARY on "long life" whatever tables.
# Use "short life" (-> <whatever>_n) tables only.
# 1. In case of "long life" (-> <whatever>_s) tables the CREATE and DROP must be within
# a sequence with some "wait_till_drop_table" between. TEMPORARY tables are session specific.
# So no other session can use this table.
# 2. In case of "short life" tables the CREATE and DROP are isolated. So the session
# which created the table will pick a random statement and maybe do something on
# the table <> DROP.
# Only 10 % because no other session can use this table.
| | | | | | | | |
TEMPORARY ;
wait_short:
SLEEP( 0.5 * rand_val * $life_time_unit ) ;
work_or_empty:
| WORK ;
zero_or_one:
0 | 1 ;
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